|
The Tawakoni are a Native American tribe closely related to the Wichitas and who spoke a Wichita dialect of the Caddoan language family. They are currently enrolled within the federally recognized tribe, the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes.〔("Wichita Memories: In the Beginning: 1540-1750." ) ''Wichita and Affiliated Tribes.'' (retrieved 1 May 2010)〕 Their name translates to "river bend among red sand hills."〔Bennett-Jones, Julie. ("Tawakoni." ) ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.'' (retrieved 2 May 2010)〕 ==History== At the beginning of the 18th century, the Tawakoni lived in villages in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. In his 1719 expedition, French explorer Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe encountered a Tawakoni village in present day Muskogee County, Oklahoma. The French wrote that the Tawakoni raised corn and tobacco. La Harpe negotiated a peace treaty between the Tawakoni, eight other tribes, and the French government.〔 Hostilities with the Osage pushed the tribe south into Texas.〔("Tawakoni Indian Tribe." ) ''Access Genealogy.'' (retrieved 2 May 2010)〕 In Texas, the Tawakoni were closely allied with the Waco tribe. Until 1770, they were friendly to the French but hostile to the Spanish.〔 Chief Quiscat travelled to San Antonio in 1772 to try to make peace with the Spanish, but this did not have a lasting effect.〔(Quiscat ) Handbook of Texas〕 European-American settlers fought with the tribes in the 1820s, and disease and warfare had dramatically reduced their numbers.〔 Stephen F. Austin's Republic of Texas drove the tribes out from central Texas. The Tawakoni helped convince the Comanche and the Wichita to sign a peace treaty with the United States government,〔 which became the first treaty signed between Plains Indians and the US.〔 In 1835, they signed a treaty with the United States at Camp Holmes. This was the first time they were included with the Wichita peoples,〔 a practice that continued in subsequent treaties, signed in 1837 and 1846.〔 In 1853 an Indian reservation was established on the upper Brazos River in Texas, but settlers ultimately forced the tribes off the reservation. In August 1859, 258 Tawakoni people were forced to relocate to Indian Territory. With the Wichita, Waco, Caddo, Nadaco, Kichai, and Hainai tribes, the Tawakoni settled on a reservation in 1872 between the Canadian and Washita Rivers.〔 Although these tribes resisted the allotment policy outlines in the Dawes Act, their reservation was broken into individual allotments, and "surplus" lands were opened to non-Native settlers on August 6, 1901.〔 In 1894, 126 Tawakoni people were recorded.〔 Under the 1934 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, they joined other Wichita peoples in organizing a new tribal government.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tawakoni」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|